Library System Review of Related Literature - 1592 Words

National Library Camp Feasibility Study ALA Emerging Leaders 2007, Project Q Team Members: Mario Ascencio, George Mason University Christy Donaldson, Utah Valley State College Jolie Graybill, Northern Arizona University Florante Ibanez, Loyola Law Library Our Mentors: Loriene Roy, ALA President-Elect Kerry Ward, ALA contact Introduction There is a pressing need to fill the ranks of America’s Librarians and other Information Professionals (i.e. archivists, museum curators, etc.). As has been discussed at many meetings, diversity of the profession is a major goal as is attracting the youth of America. The concept of a National Library Camp is a welcome project whose time has finally come. As we embark into the social networking and†¦show more content†¦A possible National Library Camp scenario could be to utilize existing Public Library summer reading programs and integrate information career talks, â€Å"librarian shadowing† and information researching assignments for students. A possible high light of the Camp could be a visit to the Annual ALA Conference Exhibit Hall (assuming that the National Library Camp would be hosted by the Public Library system each year where the ALA conference would be held). The students could also be invited to one of the various author/speaker luncheons or breakfa st (i.e. Annual Coretta Scott King Book Awards Breakfast). Outreach and recruitment could be the responsibility of the local public library system. Program Proposal – National Library Camp (California Pilot Project Meeting) The 2008 ALA Annual Conference will be held in Anaheim, CA (Orange County). There are Library Graduate Schools at UCLA in West Los Angeles and at Cal State Fullerton University, (Orange County) (as a satellite / distance learning center for the San Jose State University Program). A small pilot project utilizing resources from both these institutions (i.e. speakers, mentors, and logistics) could be integrated with the Early Outreach Program at the University of California at Irvine campus (UCI). I have had promising discussion with the director of the UCI Program. They work with students throughout the year and bring them to UCI during the summer for programs.Show MoreRelatedReview of Related Literature of Library System1517 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 I. Introduction The MPC library is one of the most important sources of information in the education system and the librarian plays a key role in this learning environment. The librarian maintains the book collections of the library as well as other material including: publications, documents and virtual libraries such as audio/video materials. Internet access to virtual sources is also available in the library. All kinds of recorded media are organized by the librarian in an efficientRead MoreReview of Related Literature of Library System1881 Words   |  8 Pagesrealized that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in education is also vast. Library is derived from the old French â€Å"libraries† which means â€Å"a collection of book†. Reading material in a school are stored in libraries. Library is place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. In additionRead MoreThe Content Management System ( Cms ) Usage1153 Words   |  5 PagesAssociate Professor of Library Services and Electronic Librarian at Christopher Center Library Services of Valparaiso University, Indiana, USA. Up to date, she has published 11 journal articles and one printed book (Valparaiso Univ ersity, 2015). 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And by havingRead MoreEvaluation of an Automated Library System in the Public Universities of South Sudan 1409 Words   |  6 Pages COURSE CODE BLS 3114: PROJECT PROPOSAL WRITING BY: DR. KIYINGI G.W SUPERVISOR: MRS. JOYCE BUKIRWA TOPIC EVALUTION OF AN AUTOMATED LIBRARY SYSTEM IN THE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES OF SOUTH SUDAN: A CASE OF JUBA UNIVERSITY CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction This chapter discuses the backgroundRead MoreWeb Based Department Automation System Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract— This paper gives details about web-based department automation system which will be implemented at educational institution level for maintaining faculty details and records. The proposed application aims at providing efficient and hassle-free working environment for faculty of the organization as it reduces the amount of paperwork involved. This system is based on the modern approach of data mining and web technology which overcomes the drawbacks of existing manual method used by theRead MoreElection System1609 Words   |  7 Pagesgovern the Student’s Supreme Council. The election system must be sufficiently robust to withstand a variety of fraudulent behaviors and must be sufficiently transparent and comprehensible that voters and candidates can accept the results of an election. Unsurprisingly, history is littered with examples of elections having problems while ballot-based election is used. A â€Å"ballot-based voting system† is a paper-based voti ng systems originated as a system where votes are casted and counted manually andRead MoreThe Development Of Empathy And How Children Show Their Feelings Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesThis literature review focuses on the development of empathy in early childhood, and how children show their feelings in everyday activity. How do you measure empathy? Which methods do you use to observe and measure empathy? What is the best way to improve empathetic and prosocial behavior in young children? These are a few of the questions I had going into this review. We know that teaching empathy is important, because teaching children to care is something that impacts their actions towards othersRead MoreA Study On Pre Operative Education1173 Words   |  5 Pagesability to comprehend necessary instructions related to the procedure. Objective #1. A literature review was completed using a variety of search terms: pre-operative education, nurse role in education, best practices for medical education, practices for medical education, medical education to the elderly, presenting education to the elderly, cataract education, and nurse roles. The CINAHL and Medline database through the Seattle Pacific University library were utilized to obtain journal articlesRead MoreThe Impact Of Advancements Of Robotic Technology Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesof the advancements of robotic technology in libraries. It provides a literature-based background on the general state of robotics and adds insights related to the library setting. Additionally, it looks into the factors that libraries need to consider when planning to acquire robots, including finances, staff and technical knowledge, space and charging facilities. Finally, it provides a quick look at how this technology will affect both the libraries and communities. I. Introduction The concept

The Dangers Of Cyber Bullying Essay - 1059 Words

It is important to understand that technology has been the main source for these bullies to go from traditional bullying to cyber-bullying. Today, there is a significant changed because now teenagers own a device and have easy access to the use of technology. According to the Family Community Health (Kiriakidis Kavoura, Volume 33, 2010) it is stated, â€Å"these methods of communication cannot always be monitored by parents who may not be as capable as their children in using information technology.† Technology has improved on many aspects over the last decade because before not many teenagers owned a phone nor did had easy access to the Internet. Teenagers have been known to be the victims of others to any type of harassment; through social media sources such as Facebook, Snap chat, Instagram and Twitter. The easy access of Internet has been the main reason in why this issue has evolved over the last two decades. According to the Universal Journal of Educational Research (No tar, Padgett, Roden Volume 1, 2011) â€Å"more than 97% of youths in the United States are connected to the Internet in some way. The number of children and teens who use the Internet at home is rapidly growing, with now over 66% of fourth to ninth graders able to go online from the comfort of their bedrooms.† It is clear that technology amongst teenagers and children has escalated tremendously over the last decade. The types of cyber bullying are harassment, flaming, exclusion, outing and masquerading. The easyShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying And Its Effects952 Words   |  4 PagesCyber-bullying is a term that has only gained notoriety in the past few years. Like many things that adapt to their surroundings, cyber-bullying is no exception. As new ways to socialize appear every year, it is a great tool for children and adults alike to communicate with friends and family. 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Sexual predators on the Internet are a topic that has received lots of attention from the mediaRead MoreCyber Bullying : A New Form Of Bullying979 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesChief Executive Officer of the Girl Scouts of the USA stated â€Å"Cyber Bullies can hide behind a mask of Anonymity online, and do not need direct physical access to their victims to do unimaginable harm† (Chavez). With this mention Cyber bullying has taken a toll in children and teenagers across the nation. Many doctors, advocates, teachers, parents and many more are helping children and teenagers fight against cyber bullying. Cyber bullying can start off as a game, but can become dangerous and lead toRead MoreAdvertising And Peer Pressure : Advertising1564 Words   |  7 Pagesmore dangers. Facebook stated that they have removed those ads and take the quality of their ads very seriously (Elder). They should considering the amount of developing teens on Facebook. Social media is a helpful tool to advertisers who are looking to sell their product but pose more of a danger to teens who are not careful and feel insecure about themselves. Cyberbullying Another problem with social media is the spawn of a new variation of an old problem, bullying. BullyingRead MoreCyber Bullying on Social Networks Negatively Impacts Teens 776 Words   |  3 PagesDosomething.org defines Cyber Bullying as â€Å"the use of technology to hassle, threaten, verbally abuse or humiliate another teen.† Since Cyber Bullying is a relatively new form of bullying, it doesn’t get as much attention as the physical or verbal form, which is most commonly known. People intend to be able to interact with friends and family over social networks, but occasionally malicious individuals make fun of people, or harass them over the internet. One out of three teens experienced being bullied

Pharmaceutics Assignment

Question: Using SPSS, compare the three batches in terms of their arithmetic mean tablet weight.Explain the choice of the statistical test(S) employed and provide detailed results and discussion. Answer: We have to compare the three batches in terms of their arithmetic mean tablet weight. For this comparison purpose, we have to see some descriptive statistics for these three batches. We have to use the one way ANOVA test for comparison of means of three batches. We have to use the SPSS for statistical analysis purpose. Let us see all this comparison in detail. First we have to see the descriptive statistics for the first batch. We know that descriptive statistics consist of the mean, standard deviation, variance, minimum, kurtosis, etc. All descriptive statistics for the first batch is given in the following table: Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Batch1 20 .35 7.37 .3686 .01546 .000 Valid N (listwise) 20 Some other descriptive statistics for the first batch are given in the following table: Descriptive Statistics N Range Maximum Mean Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Batch1 20 .05 .39 .00346 .103 .512 -1.418 .992 Valid N (listwise) 20 The box plot for the weights of first batch is given below: Now, let us see the descriptive statistics for the weights of second batch. All descriptive statistics for the weights of second batch are given in the following two tables: Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Batch2 20 .35 7.40 .3699 .01636 .000 Valid N (listwise) 20 Descriptive Statistics N Range Maximum Mean Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Batch2 20 .05 .39 .00366 -.020 .512 -1.657 .992 Valid N (listwise) 20 The box plot for the weights of the second batch is given as below: Now, we have to see the some descriptive statistics for the weights of the third batch. The descriptive statistics for the weights of third batch are given in the following table: Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Batch3 20 .38 7.95 .3974 .00885 .000 Valid N (listwise) 20 Descriptive Statistics N Range Maximum Mean Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Batch3 20 .03 .41 .00198 -.440 .512 -1.107 .992 Valid N (listwise) 20 The box plot for the weights of the third batch is given as below: Now, we have to compare these three batches or average weights of these three batches. For comparison of means of weights of these three batches, we have to use the one way ANOVA test. We take significance level for this test as alpha = 0.05. The null and alternative hypothesis for this test is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: The means of weights for all three batches are same. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: The means of weights for all three batches are not same. In statistical words, these hypotheses are written as below: H0: 1 = 2 = 3 V/s Ha: 1 2 3 Where, 1 is the mean for weights for the first batch, 2 is the mean for weights for the second batch and 3 is the mean for weights of third batch. The ANOVA table by using SPSS is given as below: ANOVA Weight Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups .011 2 .005 27.191 .000 Within Groups .011 57 .000 Total .022 59 For this ANOVA table, we get the p-value as 0.000 and we have level of significance or alpha value = 0.05. We know the decision rule is given as below: We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the alpha value or level of significance and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the alpha value or level of significance. Here we have alpha value = 0.05 and p-value = 0.05 That is, here p-value alpha value So, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of weights for all three batches are same. In the next topic we have to compare the means and standard deviations for the tablet tensile strength and tablet porosity. Also we have to find the some intervals for means. Let us see the descriptive statistics for tensile strength and porosity in detail. The means and standard deviations are given in the following table: Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation TSB1 10 10.5460 .02066 TSB2 10 10.0500 .00000 TSB3 10 10.4200 .12293 TPB1 10 3.5290 .02234 TPB2 10 3.6650 .15219 TPB3 10 3.6800 .31903 Valid N (listwise) 10 TSB1 = Tensile strength for batch 1 TSB2 = Tensile strength for batch 2 TSB3 = Tensile Strength for batch 3 TPB1 = Tablet porosity for batch 1 TPB2 = Tablet porosity for batch 2 TPB3 = Tablet porosity for batch 3 The overall mean and standard deviation for the strength and porosity is given as below: Descriptive Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N Strength 10.3387 .22508 30 Porosity 3.6247 .20905 30 One standard deviation limits from the mean for the strengths and porosity of these three batches are given as below: Batch Tensile strength Porosity Lower Upper Lower Upper Batch 1 10.52534 10.56666 3.50666 3.55134 Batch 2 10.05 10.05 3.51281 3.81719 Batch 3 10.29707 10.54293 3.36097 3.99903 Now, in the next topic we have to see the relationship between the strength and porosity. We have to check whether there is any linear relationship or association between the strength and porosity exists or not. For this purpose we have to find the correlation coefficient between the two variables strength and porosity. The SPSS output for the correlation coefficient is given as below: Correlations Strength Porosity Strength Pearson Correlation 1 -.092 Sig. (2-tailed) .627 N 30 30 Porosity Pearson Correlation -.092 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .627 N 30 30 The correlation coefficient between the two variables strength and porosity is found as 0.627, this is a positive correlation coefficient. This indicates that there is positive considerable linear relationship or association exists between the two variables strength and porosity. Let us see regression analysis for above two variables. The SPSS output is given below: Descriptive Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N Strength 10.3387 .22508 30 Porosity 3.6247 .20905 30 Below is the correlation coefficient for these two variables. Correlations Strength Porosity Pearson Correlation Strength 1.000 -.092 Porosity -.092 1.000 Sig. (1-tailed) Strength . .314 Porosity .314 . N Strength 30 30 Porosity 30 30 The description for the variables is given in the following table: Variables Entered/Removeda Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 Porosityb . Enter a. Dependent Variable: Strength b. All requested variables entered. The model summary for the regression analysis is given below: Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Durbin-Watson 1 .092a .009 -.027 .22808 .556 a. Predictors: (Constant), Porosity b. Dependent Variable: Strength For the above model summary, we get the coefficient of determination as 0.009, this means that only 0.9% of the variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable. The ANOVA table for the regression analysis is given below: ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression .013 1 .013 .241 .627b Residual 1.457 28 .052 Total 1.469 29 a. Dependent Variable: Strength b. Predictors: (Constant), Porosity For above ANOVA, we get the p-value as 0.627 which is greater than the level of significance or alpha value = 0.05, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that the given regression model is significant. The coefficients for the regression equation are given below: Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. 95.0% Confidence Interval for B Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) 10.699 .736 14.546 .000 9.192 12.206 Porosity -.099 .203 -.092 -.491 .627 -.514 .316 1.000 1.000 a. Dependent Variable: Strength Collinearity Diagnosticsa Model Dimension Eigenvalue Condition Index Variance Proportions (Constant) Porosity 1 1 1.998 1.000 .00 .00 2 .002 35.299 1.00 1.00 a. Dependent Variable: Strength Residuals Statisticsa Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N Predicted Value 10.2914 10.3908 10.3387 .02079 30 Residual -.30007 .28871 .00000 .22412 30 Std. Predicted Value -2.274 2.510 .000 1.000 30 Std. Residual -1.316 1.266 .000 .983 30 a. Dependent Variable: Strength Chart References: Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I.A., "Handbook of mathematical functions", Dover publications, New York, 1964 Crow, E.L., Davis, F.A., and Maxfield, M.W. "Statistics Manual", Dover publications, Inc New York, 1960 Fraser, D.A.S., "Nonparametric methods in statistics", John WileySons, New York, ChapmanHall, London, 1957. Kanji, G.K., "100 statistical tests", Sage publications London, Newbury Park, New Dehli. Papoulis, Athanasios "Probability and Statistics" Prentence-Hall International Editions. Siegel, S. "Non-parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences", McGraw-Hill book company, Inc. New York, Toronto, London, 1956 Van den Brink, W.P., and Koele, P. "Statistiek, Deel 3: Toepassingen", Boom Meppel Amsterdam Abraham, B., Ledolter, J. (1983). Statistical methods for forecasting. New York: Wiley. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper. Agrawal, R., Imielinski, T., Swami, A. (1993). Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases. Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMOD Conference, Washington, DC. Agrawal, R. Srikant, R. (1994). Fast algorithms for mining association rules. Proceedings of the 20th VLDB Conference. Santiago, Chile. Bain, L. J. (1978). Statistical analysis of reliability and life-testing models. New York: Decker. Bain, L. J. and Engelhardt, M. (1989) Introduction to Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Kent, MA: PWS. Baird, J. C. (1970). Psychophysical analysis of visual space. New York: Pergamon Press.

Locke And Hobbes Thinking Men Essay Research free essay sample

Locke And Hobbes: Thinking Men Essay, Research Paper Abstraction John Locke and Thomas Hobbes lived during a really disruptive century in Britain. Both work forces were great minds of their clip, but held really different sentiments on political relations and many other aspects of life and adult male. Both of these work forces were theoreticians on natural jurisprudence and societal contracts, but this is where the resemblance between the two terminals. The clip in which these two work forces lived can account for the pessimistic positions of Hobbes on the nature of adult male and the ideal signifier of authorities. Locke, nevertheless, held really different positions on these topics, offering reasonably more realistic and optimistic words about them. Locke believed that work forces are born with basic rights, while Hobbes believes that work forces are born with no rights at all. Locke theorized that, adult male will be in peace, and will of course be to assist himself survive and non acquire in the manner of others in their indistinguishable chas e. We will write a custom essay sample on Locke And Hobbes Thinking Men Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hobbes, on the other manus, believed that work forces lived fundamentally for self-preservation, and that they exist in a changeless province of war. He besides thought that the opposing forces of each single adult male neutralize each other, and that work forces need to organize a authorities to be kept in line. On this note, Locke believes that adult male is of course societal, and that work forces will organize a authorities whose basic intent is to function the rights and common good of the people. Using what is known of each adult male, it can be said that Hobbes desires an ideally absolute type of authorities, with all power resting in one individual swayer, and that Locke would prefer a authorities more like that of the United States, that grants the people their freedom and is utilized to function them. Both Hobbes and Locke have written some major plants of literature, and it is merely by reading and understanding these that a individual can make up ones mind which signifie r of authorities he believes is the right 1. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes: Thinking Men. Many consider John Locke and Thomas Hobbes of Britain two of the greatest political heads. Each adult male has written authoritative literature refering their positions on societal contracts and natural jurisprudence. Hobbes, and his pessimistic positions of adult male, ever contradicted Locke? s more American criterions of thought. While no 1 truly followed Hobbes? thought of how to run a authorities, the United States modeled some of its Constitution after many of Locke? s thoughts. This is because, in more modern thought, people can associate to how Locke viewed the basic nature of adult male over that of Hobbes. Using elaborate quotation marks and illustrations, the thoughts of these two work forces can easy be broken down and contrasted. John Locke was a really austere truster in basic human rights. He believed that all work forces, in a province of nature, are far less evil than Hobbes would wish to believe. Harmonizing to Josh Brown, Locke believed that # 8220 ; In the province of nature, a unconditioned sense of right and incorrect governs all of us, which is imbued by God and our capacity to ground # 8221 ; ( 1996 ) . Work force, in nature, all desire the right to populate. While seeking to detect this right, work forces besides must recognize that other work forces besides themselves are after the same thing, and respect their right to populate besides. For most of the clip, this allows adult male to populate in comparative peace and harmoniousness, booming in this province of nature. When the nature of two work forces crosses waies, and struggle occurs, # 8220 ; we rapidly discover that our fondness in such struggles prevents us from objectively put to deathing the Torahs of nature # 8221 ; ( Brown, 1996 ) . This causes work forces to travel to war, since struggles can non be solved between two work forces entirely, keeping different point of views. Besides harmonizing to Brown, and based on Locke? s beliefs, # 8220 ; We so build a system which allows for independent, nonsubjective and adhering adjudication of the jurisprudence of nature, so that we can achieve security and besides retain many of our? natural rights? at the same clip # 8221 ; ( 1996 ) . Based on these beliefs, it can be deduced that Locke believed that work forces, bing in a province of nature, interacted with each other and formed societies. He besides believed that work forces, in a province of nature, will penalize people for wrongdoing done against them. This is where his beliefs about the ideal authorities and how it should be run stem from. Thomas Hobbes had rather a different point of view on the basic nature of adult male. In his most celebrated work of literature, called Leviathan ( 1951 ) , he argued that adult male is of course hedonic. He besides argued that # 8220 ; In that frequently canonized province of nature, life is? lone, hapless, awful, beastly, and abruptly? , a? war of every adult male against every adult male. ? # 8221 ; ( anon. ) . Work force, harmonizing to Hobbes, were basically born equal. This equality, contrasting to Locke? s positions, is caused by adult male? s power, opposed to the power of every other adult male. This belief is said to be a first impression towards the thought of cheques and balances. In this province of nature, # 8220 ; the opposing frailties of persons are said to neutralize one another and bring forth policies conducive to the common good # 8221 ; ( Anger, 1996 ) . It was besides argued by Hobbes that a major driving force in each adult male is the continual fright bro ught about by the danger of violent decease. Hobbes believed that work forces existed in a changeless province of struggle with each other, and that each incorrect neutralizes a incorrect done by another adult male. By this, it can besides be said that he believed that adult male exists in a changeless province of war, continuously contending for what he believes to be what is right for him. Hobbes besides argued that â€Å"as human motivations were, in their natural province, guided by unenlightened opportunism, so these could, unbridled, have extremely destructive consequences† ( anon. ) . The equilibrium in society of adult male neutralizing adult male, played upon adult male? s love of endurance and some grade of reason. These point of views spawned what Hobbes believed to be the ideal governmental scene. Locke? s thoughts for the ideal authorities were looked upon during the formation of the Constitution of America. The Constitution plays upon many cardinal points in his theories and thoughts of how a authorities should work. Locke believed that work forces have rights by nature, and that the province exists to supply for these rights. A belief of Locke that resembles what is written in the US Constitutuion, is that # 8220 ; We give up our right to ourselves exact requital for offenses in return for impartial justness backed by overpowering force. We retain the right to life and autonomy, and derive the right to merely, impartial protection of our belongings # 8221 ; ( James ) . By this quotation mark, it can be said that two of the mail beliefs on authorities of Locke were: 1. To protect the rights of life, autonomy, and belongings, and 2. To make order in society. Another good known belief of John Locke is that citizens have the right to arise against a authorities that does non esteem the rights of its citizens. He besides showed in his celebrated Two Treatises of Government ( 1690 ) , that regulations should remain in power merely every bit long as they have the consent of the people they govern. This is stated by James when he says # 8220 ; If a swayer seeks absolute power, if he acts both as justice and participant in differences, he puts himself in a province of war with his topics and we have the right and the responsibility to kill such swayers and their servants. # 8221 ; These quotes show that Locke clearly believed in a authorities tally by the people, and made to function the people? s demands and basic rights. Although his thoughts of the ideal authorities weren? T put into action, Hobbes has thoughts for a perfect authorities that can be every bit persuasive as Locke? s thoughts, given the right illustrations and grounds. Hobbes clearly believed in a fascist signifier of authorities, utilizing what he believes to be the nature of adult male. The merely right Hobbes believes should belong to the people, is # 8220 ; If you shut up and make as you are told, you have the right non to be killed # 8221 ; ( James ) . Unlike what Locke believes, Hobbes does non believe the people have any right to arise against their leader. He besides believes that the swayer defines good and evil for his topics, and that because of this, the swayer can make no wrong, merely what is his will. Since he believes that work forces are in a changeless province of war, he believes that the province creates the society that exists, and hence, should command it. Brown believes that Hobbes would hold with the statement # 8220 ; All power transferred to the crowned head, it has the right to both pronounce jurisprudence, and to implement that jurisprudence, which includes the key right to penalize evildoings of it. The being of an almighty crowned head allows the safety of all the people # 8221 ; ( 1996 ) . Hobbes, without uncertainty, believed in regulation by an absolute swayer, with control over the people and province. These illustrations show what Hobbes believed to be the ideal authorities. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, both Social Contract theoreticians, lived in the same century, their point of views on political relations and the nature of adult male are wholly different. While Hobbes believed in a more inherently evil society, Locke thought that work forces were fundamentally impersonal to good, and could populate together in comparative peace. Locke? s thoughts of the ideal authorities resemble that of the United States. Hobbes, on the other manus, idolized an absolute authorities with really small rights traveling to the people. Though these point of views are really contrastive, each adult male presents his instance in an every bit persuasive mode, in all the plants of literature they composed. Merely an person can make up ones mind for himself which adult male is right about the ideals of adult male. Reference List Anger, M. M. ( December 4, 1996 ) . # 8220 ; The Legacy of Hobbes and Locke: Individuality and the Social Contract # 8221 ; [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geocities.com/Athens/7011/hobbes.html ( October 12, 1998 ) . Brown, J. ( October 7, 1996 ) . # 8220 ; Hobbes and Locke: From the State of Nature to Civil Society # 8221 ; [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //picasso.cslab.wesleyan.edu/~jbrown/worddocs/hlson.html ( October 12, 1998 ) . James, D. ( no day of the month ) . # 8220 ; Locke Versus Hobbes # 8221 ; [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jim.com/jamesd/hobbes.htm ( October 12, 1998 ) . ( Anonymous ) ( no day of the month ) . # 8220 ; Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679 # 8243 ; [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.econ.jhu.edu/people/fonseca/het/hobbes.htm ( October 12, 1998 ) .

Preposition Review ESL Lesson Plan

Preposition Review ESL Lesson Plan Prepositions are a challenge for almost all students. There are many reasons for this, not least of which is the fact that English has numerous phrasal verbs. In this case, theres little to do except to encourage consistency and the ability to listen carefully to mistakes made. In any case, there are a few activities teachers can undertake to help students learn basic differences. Aim: Develop recognition of similar preposition use through contrast in written exercise, review of prepositionsActivity: Discussion of similar prepositions followed by a written exerciseLevel: Intermediate Outline Take a few objects into the class, such as a model car, an apple, etc. Use simple sentences to help the class understand the differences between in/into, out/out of, etc. using the propositions.Give the students some of the objects and encourage them to come up with their own sentences, especially focusing on the finer differences between the prepositions discussed.Discuss some of the basics using the preposition checklist below. Ask students to come up with exceptions such as in the morning, afternoon, and evening but at night.  Pass out the handout and ask students to get into pairs to work through the short exercise.Correct worksheet as a class and discuss problems  or questions.Repeat first activity to help reinforce learning. Preposition Checklist Use to with verbs of movement.  She drove to the store./He walked to the park.Use at with places within a city with verbs that do NOT express movement.  Ill meet you at the shopping mall./I like to relax at home on the weekend.Use on with surfaces, both horizontal and vertical.  Thats a beautiful picture on the wall./I like the vase on the table.Use into, out of and onto to express movement from one place to another.  She drove out of the garage./Please put the keys onto the table.  Use in with months, years, cities, states, and countries.  She lives in San Diego./I will see you in April.Use at with times of the day. Lets meet at five oclock./I want to begin the meeting at two.   A Strange Noise in the Night Worksheet It was late (at/in) night when I heard the noise. I got (out of/outside) bed and decided to investigate. First, I went (into/in) the living room and kitchen. Everything seemed to be OK in those rooms. Then I heard the noise (again/over). It was coming from (out/outside), so I put (on/off) my jacket, opened the door and went (into/out of) the backyard. Unfortunately, I had forgotten to (pick up/in) a flashlight on my way (inside/out) the door. It was a dark night and there was a light rain falling. I couldnt see much, so I kept stepping (into/onto) things in the yard. The sound continued to repeat and was coming (over/from) the area (on/in) the other side (to/of) the house. I slowly walked (through/around) the house to see what was making the noise. There was a small table (in/on) the porch which was (next/near) to the wall. (On/To) top of this table was a bowl with some rocks (into/inside). A small mouse was trying to get (out/above) and was moving the rocks (around/through) the bowl making the noise. It was very strange, but now I could go back (in/to) sleep!

Joan of England, Queen of Sicily

Joan of England, Queen of Sicily About Joan of England Known for: daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England, Joan of England lived through kidnapping and shipwreck Occupation: English princess, Sicilian queen Dates: October 1165 - September 4, 1199 Also known as: Joanna of Sicily More About Joan of England: Born in Anjou, Joan of England was the second youngest of the children of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England. Joan was born in Angers, grew up mainly in Poitiers, at the Fontevrault Abbey, and at Winchester. In 1176, Joans father agreed to her marriage to William II of Sicily. As was typical for royal daughters, the marriage served political purposes, as Sicily was looking for a closer alliance with England.   Her beauty impressed the ambassadors, and she traveled to Sicily, with a stop in Naples when Joan became ill. They arrived in January, and William and Joan were married in Sicily in February of 1177. Their only son, Bohemond, did not survive infancy; the existence of this son is not accepted by some historians. When William died in 1189 without an heir to succeed him, the new king of Sicily, Tancred, denied Joan her lands, and then imprisoned Joan. Joans brother, Richard I, on his way to the Holy Land for a crusade, stopped in Italy to demand Joans release and the full repayment of her dowry. When Tancred resisted, Richard took a monastery, by force, and then took the city of Messina. It was there that Eleanor of Aquitaine landed with Richards chosen bride, Berengaria of Navarre. There were rumors that Philip II of France wanted to marry Joan; he visited her in the convent in which she was staying.   Philip was the son of her mothers first husband. This would likely have raised objections from the church because of that relationship.   Tancred returned Joans dowry in money rather than giving her control of her lands and property. Joan took charge of Berengaria while her mother returned to England.   Richard set sail for the Holy Land, with Joan and Berengaria on a second ship. The ship with the two women was stranded in Cyprus after a storm. Richard narrowly rescued his bride and sister from Isaac Comnenus. Richard imprisoned Isaac and sent his sister and his bride to Acre, following shortly. In the Holy Land, Richard proposed that Joan marry Saphadin, also known as Malik al-Adil, the brother of the Muslim leader, Saladin. Joan and the proposed groom both objected on the basis of their religious differences. Returning to Europe, Joan married Raymond VI of Toulouse. This, too, was a political alliance, as Joans brother Richard was concerned that Raymond had an interest in Aquitaine. Joan gave birth to a son, Raymond VII, who later succeeded his father. A daughter was born and died in 1198. Pregnant for another time and with her husband away, Joan barely escaped a rebellion on the part of the nobility. Because her brother Richard had just died, she could not seek his protection. Instead, she made her way to Rouen where she found support from her mother. Joan entered Fontevrault Abbey, where she died giving birth. She took the veil just before she died. The newborn son died a few days later. Joan was buried at Fontevrault Abbey. Background, Family: Mother:  Eleanor of AquitaineFather: Henry II of EnglandSiblings:full siblings were William IX, Count of Poitiers; Henry the Young King; Matilda, Duchess of Saxony; Richard I of England; Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany;  Eleanor, Queen of Castile; John of Englandolder half-siblings were  Marie of France  and  Alix of France Marriage, Children: husband: William II of Sicily (married February 13, 1177)child: Bohemond, Duke of Apulia: died in infancyhusband: Raymond VI of Toulouse (married October 1196)children: Raymond VII of Toulouse; Mary of Toulouse; Richard of Toulouse

Descartes Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Descartes - Dissertation Example Since what one saw in the world was deceptive, theories that one would create on the basis of the observation of the world would also be deceptive, was what Descartes thought. This, he related to the existence of man itself. This is expressed in his famous quote, â€Å"I think, therefore I am† (Rene). This theory of Descartes has been thought to encourage a detachment from the universe. This was said to involve a lack of knowledge regarding the world and what it had in store for one. However, Descartes’ theory is one that originates not from an ignorance regarding the universe but from a knowledge of it which results in a knowledge of its deceitful nature of being. This led him to believe in the ideas of his mind that he felt, were more reliable for himself as a person. Works Cited Rene Descartes: 'I think therefore I am'. Web. http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/ithinkth_bga .html Accessed on 23rd, June, 2011. Descartes, Rene. Med itations. Tr. Veitch, John. New York: Cosimo Books, 2008. Print.

Sources of Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sources of Power - Essay Example According to Fields (2010), the Courts have superior power over the enacted regulations in some instances. This enables the gun to continue prevailing irrespective of the stringent gun laws. For instance, the Gun Owners Association rejoiced when the Supreme Court of the United States made ruling that was against the city of Chicago and in favor of Otis McDonald. By doing so, the Court maintained that the Fourteenth Amendment is applicable to the right to keep and bear firearms to all the fifty-states. As a consequence, in numerous cases, the state firearms laws have been reported to be less restrictive that the federal firearms laws. This decision by the Supreme Court may have significant effects on the restrictive gun regulations in New York, Louisiana, California and elsewhere. In 2008, the right wing group went to the Supreme Court and decided to leave the centuries of jurisprudence and extend the Second Amendment as an individual protection for the owner of a gun to bear arms. The gun laws in the United States are often rife with enough loopholes to make them ineffective. For instance, the local and state police departments are not legally responsible for putting into effect the federal gun law as per the Supreme Court of the United States ruling in the Printz vs. United States. The gun industry also continues to prevail due to some amendments by influential people such as Congressman Todd Tiahrt. Since its passage, the law an amendment to the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act in 2003, the Tiahrt Amendment forbids the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives from disseminating information from its database for tracing firearms to anyone who is not a law enforcement agent or a prosecutor who is linked to a particular criminal investigation. In that perspective, the Amendment asserts that any

The Fight Over the Redwoods Essay Example for Free

The Fight Over the Redwoods Essay Pacific Lumber Company, founded in 1869, oversees the careful maintenance and logging of the world’s most productive timberland. Pacific Lumber holds the last private forest of old-growth Redwood. In addition to it’s unique hardwood, the Redwood forest hosts an ecosystem supporting virgin ground never logged, and the endangered Marbled Murrelet. After being purchased in 1985 by the Maxxam firm and it’s owner Mr. Hurwitz, Pacific Lumber tripled logging volume and looked to log the previously privately protected Redwood forest. Due to the use of junk-bonds for financial backing, Maxxam Inc.   needed to dramatically increase revenue streams to make interest payments which resulted in the reprioritization of business values. The health of the environment became second to the survival of Pacific Lumber. Poor business ethics led the timber company from a once highly profitable firm conscious of both the environment and long-term business stability, to one focused on short-term profitability without valuing the long term impacts of environmental change. The Fight Over The Redwoods Background Pacific Lumber Company, founded in 1869, owned 220,000 acres of some of the world’s most productive timberland. The family-run company incorporated the very best standards for environmental impact and business management. Through selective tree cutting and management of business structure, the Pacific Lumber Company maintained the worlds rarest old growth redwood forest. Due to deforestation through the end of the 1970’s, Pacific Lumber Company held the last Redwood resource thereby indirectly monopolizing the hardwood market. The company was debt free, treated their employees well, and managed a significant inventory to support their sustainment operations.  (Shaw, 2014) In 1985, Maxxam Incorporated acquired Pacific Lumber for 900 million dollars. Through the use of junk-bond financing to purchase the company, Maxxam Inc. had to manage significant interest payments on their loan. To manage high interest, Maxxam increased wood cutting that would eventually lead to the deforestation of previously protected land. 16 different lawsuits filed by environmental organizations brought Pacific Lumber operations to a halt with foresting operations in specific areas of their land. The legal reasoning was the protection of endangered species, and long-term impact to virgin ecosystems that existed nowhere else in the world. (Shaw, 2014) In 1999, Senator Diane Feinstein and Deputy Interior Secretary John Garamendi signed an agreement. The agreement brokered out land to the government through a 480 million dollar purchase, and banned logging in certain areas for fifty years in an effort to protect endangered species. The agreement also established an enforceable habitat protection plan to oversee Pacific Lumber operations for the foreseeable future. Pacific Lumber considered the deal to be a true testament that increased regulations by federal government stymied business profitability. Pacific Lumber ended up declaring bankruptcy in 2008. The lumber company was acquired by a well known firm that had ties to the timber community, held environmental considerations high, and worked well with politics involved. (Shaw, 2014) Case Analysis Question 1: Ancient forests, to include those of Redwood trees, have a value that is greater than just the face value of the lumber planned for logging. Considerations for a corporation’s growth and profitability is important. Employees depend on paychecks, healthcare, pensions, and other supporting programs such as scholarships and donations to the community. These benefits however, will never outweigh the value of untouched forest that supports threatened species. Addressing Redwood deforestation only encompasses a small portion of global concern. Ecosystems rely on one another to survive and operate in the environment they are found. Removing the Redwood hardwood forest would be the precipice for large scale ecological failure. An employee for Pacific Lumber may need a paycheck to maintain an adequate standards of living, but first needs a place to survive. If the ecosystem supporting our way of life collapses, so does our way of life. Question 2: Although land ownership is an individual right, what takes place on that land is still a concern for governing agencies. In this case, the impact to ecosystems covers an area greater than just the area owned by one individual or firm. Controlling the impacts of the landowners operation mitigates the impact to other landowners in the area. Owning land still requires a reasonable person to behave in a manner consistent with the law of the land. In this analysis, a gentlemen named Hurwitz backed Maxxam Inc. to purchase Pacific Lumber. Hungry for profits, he altered Pacific Lumber’s focus to the short term profitability of the firm, instead of long term sustainment of the business. Poor business practices put Maxxam Inc. in a position requiring a fixed amount of income to pay loan interest and fees. Hurwitz never assessed whether or not he could sustain payment with current operations and was forced to increase operations to make profitability still viable. (The Terrestrial Environment, 1998) Question 3: Mainstream environmentalists were correct to stop Pacific Lumber from ravaging it’s timberland. Prior business practices provided ecosystem shelter for endangered species and protected virgin forest from being logged. Changes to federal regulations and societal values required that these areas be protected despite ownership change. Behavior by radicalized environmentalists is often unacceptable because it results in damage to business property and potential injury to employees. They do, however, protect what would otherwise be destroyed with stale politics or businesses circumventing laws through unethical behavior. (Shaw, 2014) Question 4: We as a society have a moral obligation to protect rare environments such as the Redwood forest. Trees do not have inherent rights and must be represented by a governing body or entity with their environmental impact in mind if they are logged. Old growth forest support more than just the production of hardwood, it supports endangered species, fragile ecosystems, and the long term health of the planet. Endangered species cannot be recreated; The death of a species effects of the impact of two or three other species’ ecosystems, resulting in fluctuations throughout the entire food chain. (The Terrestrial Environment, 1998) Question 5: Prior to being bought out, Pacific Lumber operated a very controlled logging operation that matched tree-growth rates. Although this does not necessarily provide increased short term profitability, it does mean long term sustainment with predictability. Shareholders of Pacific Lumber knew they owned a dependable stock that would hold its value for years to come. Lumber produced from logging is a highly volatile market. Predictable operations gave employees stability and ensured the environmental interests of future generations to come. Pacific Lumber is an excellent example of how ethical business practices sustain the environment, or negate the importance of it in the interests of profitability. Question 6: The argument can be made that protecting private land from deforestation is not necessary due to the amount of land already protected by parks and reserves. What cannot be predicted is the impact to endangered species, or the separation and destruction of niche ecosystems that support a larger environmental scale. Taking away localized areas of trees, or ecosystems supported by old growth, will ultimately compound the negative effects of our constantly shrinking native environment. As human growth pushes into these areas, the result is an increase of a demand for a stable environment, despite destroying the very thing we need to exist. (Biological Issue, 2014) Question 7: The agreement made between the government and Pacific Lumber did cost the taxpayers more than what would be considered socially acceptable by a reasonable person. The argument equates the value of the land and it’s components to the cost of protecting it. By spending 480 million dollars, the land is federally protected against logging, forever. Endangered species may remain in the same state, but the uncontrolled elimination of their habitat has now been mitigated. The impact of the agreement to Pacific Lumber was the eventual bankruptcy filed in 2008. The resulting reshaping of the firm required layoffs and the decommission of certain assets to created a viable business. Employees lost their jobs, communities felt the impact of business fluctuation, and the local economy suffered. Although difficult, this suffering is short-termed and does not compare to the long term negative effects of deforestation to future generations. (Biological Issue, 2014) Conclusion Pacific Lumber is a perfect example of why ethical business practices must consider the environment along with other federal and state regulations within their operations. Focusing only on short term profitability is not indicative of long term sustainment and stability. Owners of large corporations must ensure that responsible values and core competencies are retained, despite being bought out. Controlling corporate growth helps maintain employee and shareholder interests, while simultaneously ensuring the health and welfare of the environment. References

WItchcraft :: essays research papers

Witchcraft   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In general witchcraft is sorcery, the magical manipulation of the supernormal forces through the use of spells, and the conjuring or invoking of spirits. Wicca is the most common witchcraft. During the middle ages and the renaissance, it was defined as evil magic. This is the very reason Joan of Arc was burned at the stake; she was accused of being a witch. Although many think that it is a religion that worships the devil, Wicca does not have anything to do with worshiping the devil or Christianity. The most common form of witchcraft is done with the use of spells. To set a spell, the person doing it will set up an altar/table in which to place the candles and symbols on. The spells consist of words that can either be chanted or inscribed in something. The candles are used to direct the spell towards a specific purpose, such as: pink-love, white-healing and peace, and black-death. These colors can be used for different meanings; however, these are the standard mea nings. There are many other colors out there with their own unique meanings, like if a spell was being set on a person; a candle that was their favorite color could be used. The symbols used consist of charms, pictures, flowers and belongings depending on the spell being set. These symbols must represent the spell and they cannot just be anything done quickly without thought. For example, if the person were trying to make their friend heal from a sickness a picture of the person or something that represents them would work. Very experienced witches use potions that consist of a complicated formula and weird recipes. Almost anything one could think of could be in a witch’s potion, such as bat blood, human blood, eyeballs, herbs, spices, etc. In order to be able to work this magic one must acquire enough knowledge through meditation, and other acts of complete focus and research, others are just born with the natural power. Most people who have this power set spells for the goo d and others well-being; for, any evil spell one sets will come back on them times three. This law is called the power of three times three, which must be known before there are any attempts of setting spells. Although this seems like a great and easy thing, it is very dangerous. The words in the spell are taken literally, for instance if your spell was set to make someone leave you alone for good, it could cause the person to die.

Environmental Ethics Essay

Environmental ethics falls under the discipline of environmental philosophy that studies how human beings relate to their natural environment. This is a wide study that involves a variety of other disciplines such as those that study human relationships, economics, the earth’s structure and biology especially ecology. Human beings being the most superior of all the living things on earth have an ethical obligation to the environment concerning the earth, air, water, other organisms and the human population, both the present and the future generation. Environmental ethics brigs up a variety of issues concerning what, when, how and why we should consider this area of study. Aspects arising include the environment’s moral value, how sustainable are the policies on environmental protection, and how do these apply to the developing nations, and what policies should be put in place to ensure that the environment is safe guarded for the future generation, among others. This topic has been studied by many philosophers through the years, but it only came to be recognized as an independent discipline in 1970, due to awareness of effects of increasing human knowledge on the environment. Growing economics and populations, new technologies and development of industries all have had various adverse effects on nature, although aimed at improving life. The works of Rachael Carson, Paul Ehrlich, Aldo Leopold, among others brought about ethical concerns about the environment. Under environmental ethics, human beings have a duty towards the environment, on protection and conservation as well as having a quality life for themselves. In this context, contentious issues arise as to why we should be concerned about the environment. Should it be for us, the living human beings, the future generation, or for the environment itself regardless of our own benefits? Different personalities offer different answers to this question, hence different views have come up on environmental ethics. The issues of environmental ethics is of growing concern to the government and other institution including United Nations which have come up with incentives to people to value and appreciate nature. Earth Day which is held annually (first held in 1970) continues to create awareness and sensitize people on the value of the environment and why it should be protected. The Moral Standing We cannot handle ethics without reference to moral philosophy, which is concerned with individual behaviors and conducts. the moral standing depends on what is considered ‘right’ or ‘good’ and ‘wrong’ or ‘bad’ by an individual or a society. For instance, different societies have different views on areas like land and animal ownership, rights of the future generation, and many more. Personal conduct with respect to environmental ethics defines how people should interact with nature, regarding its exploitation and conservation. The moral standing of the ethical issues on environment are wholly placed on human beings as they are the only living things who can reason and decide on moral issues. Many of the environmental concerns revolve around man and how these affect him, thus the responsibility of environmental ethics should be solely man’s. Responsibility to the environment implies that we are aware of this task, we are able to do it, we are at liberty to do it or not, and carrying out of the task has an effect to others existing in the environment. This means that we know the damage we can cause to the environment, the effects of this damage and the prevention or solutions to these problems. This gives us a moral significance in environmental ethics, and gives us a central role. The moral standing therefore means we have the moral obligation towards nature and the capability to carry out this responsibility. When we consider environmental ethics, then, look at issues such as: †¢ Should we care about nature for itself while it’s people who really â€Å"matter†?  That is if not for human beings benefit; why else should we conserve the environment? And if depleting the natural resources is necessary for life improvement, why not exhaust it? †¢ Is the loss of biodiversity, destruction of scenic geographical features for human benefit such as in agriculture so harmful to man? Where is the need to conserve a species while it has no chance of survival in the near future due to changes in earth’s patterns? †¢ Is it right for a person to own land, it being a natural resource among others, or is it morally wrong?  Is it fair that 5% of the human population use 30% of natural resources, while in other less countries the population suffers due to lack of the basic resources such as food and clean water? Do these resources exist for the benefit of a few or should they be left free for use by all? †¢ Is it possible for human beings to improve nature, seeing how man seems to have no control over nature when it comes to events such as natural calamities? †¢ Do recent developments in technology relieve us of our duty of protecting the environment? For instance, does biotechnology with potential to create new species, or bring back an extinct species, relieve us of the duty to conserve the biodiversity? Or alternative sources of fuel give us a right to deplete the natural fuel reserve? †¢ Should we let nature take its course as it always has or try and preserve it without assurance that this is of any benefit, or that this only hinders the course of nature? Is there any way that nature can take care of itself without our hand, like self renewal? The main issue surrounding environmental ethics today is the activist movements on environmental protection that focus people on the wrong issues, that is the moral standing is more emotional than factual or logical. The following are essential in discussing environmental ethics and policies. Western Religion and Culture It has been viewed by some philosophers that the Western religion has adversely affected the environment as it teaches that human beings have dominion over the earth and subdue it. Others view this as a command to take care of nature as we have been left in charge. The command given in the bible to the first man â€Å"be fruitful and fill the earth† (Genesis 1:28, Holy Bible KJV) raises the question of population control, is it ethical for the sake of the environment or is it a direct defiance of God’s command? To address this sensitive topic, religion should be understood in context. At the time of the command there was only one man on earth, so he was required to ‘fill’ it, but now the earth is already ‘filled’. Is it logical to still apply the very same principles now as they did then? The culture of a people defines how they relate to and use the environment. Many of the historic events that shape the western culture have had a huge impact on the environment. Events such as the industrial revolution, technological advances and the modern culture have affected the environment. Culture can easily adapt to changing environments, as well as cause permanent change to different environments. The environment is very wide and continuous, while cultural practices are defined by the environment. Therefore it is ethical to put environment before culture, and change current lifestyles towards more nature friendly practices. The future generation Most of the damage to the environment is more likely to affect the future human population. This therefore calls on the currently living humans to consider the rights of those who are not yet born. We might not know exactly what that generation will require but we are well aware of the basic needs of living beings; food shelter and basic health. Based on these we can have a model of what the environment should offer the future human beings. Therefore it is our moral obligation to them to utilize nature as much as we need to but ensure that we do not deny them the enjoyment of the same. Animals Other animals should be considered when addressing environmental ethics, since they are sentient beings, that is are capable of feeling. Although animals come after humans, they have rights and should be considered according to what they are interested in, such as feeding, living in their natural habitat, and allowed their existence. Controversy about animal rights arises in what animals exactly should we grant rights to. For instance, are insects or other smaller animals in this category? Is it right to use animals for laboratory research for medical and other studies to better our lives? The simple answer to this question is that unless it is extremely necessary, animals should not be put at risk or in adverse conditions. The harm to animals should be justified and be limited to a certain allowable level. Ecofeminism Women are seen to be closer and more in touch with nature; this is claimed by feminists concerned with the environment (Cochrane, 2007). This is because of their ability to give life, and the fact that the earth is considered female (Shiva, 1993). Thus this gives them a better understanding of nature and how to coexist in harmony. Val Plumwood, an ecofeminist believe, that feminism should go hand in hand with environmentalism as both women and the environment are under the same oppression. Another feminist argues that the problem is in trying to justify this kind of oppression thus allowing such subordination. When considering environmental ethics and policies, the domination over women and nature is a critical issue that requires attention. Economics and Ecology Economics and ecology usually appear as counter forces. Economy involves trying to allocate the limited resources while ecology looks out to protect these resources. The ever growing human population has placed great pressure on nature and thus their distribution is highly competitive. Market forces have added more pressure to natural resources and their exploitation. Rapid growth of industries has contributed to environmental deterioration. The cost-benefit considers questions like; if nuclear power makes electricity cheaper, should this field be ventured? What is the cost of preserving a forest compared to the cost of exporting timber? These raise challenges when setting up policies on the environment because of the question of cost versus the benefit of environmental ethics. Technology Technology has had a huge impact on human life as well as on the environment. The effects of technology are both beneficial and adverse. The medical, agricultural, communication and energy industries rely heavily on technology to better human life. Technology has the power to destroy nature as well as replenish it. The technological advances that are most potentially harmful include nuclear technology that is able to annihilate nature and biotechnology which has the potential to alter the natural species boundaries. Since all technologies come with potential risks along with their benefits, ethical consideration must be made with regards to the environment. Conclusion  In studying environmental ethics, the first thing is to ask the question ‘what should be done about the current environmental situation and how should it be done? ’ The other consideration is the importance of individual natural resources and how much effort and cost we should dedicate to protecting such. This should be based on facts and not feelings, like and dislikes. It is important that policies be based on an integrated system that has in mind all the components of nature, as well as involvement of the government, institutions and other countries.

The Influence of Public Health and Safety Matters on the Invention of the City

Towns are and were ever associated with trade and power [ R1 ] . Although towns every bit good as worlds have to develop. They were formed and shaped by Numberss of assorted factors. This essay would demo how have public wellness and safety affairs in the yesteryear influenced the innovation of the metropolis? One of the really first and obvious that come to mind are rigorous British fire ordinances, clearly and justly linked by most to the Great Fire of London. In its history London as a metropolis had great sums of fires in its history. One of first terrible recorded fires of London happened in 1135. It put down most of the metropolis between St Paul ‘s and St Clement Danes in Westminster every bit good as celebrated London Bridge. â€Å"Little admiration London suffered from fires: lodging and commercial premises existed together ; a Norman jurisprudence banned house fires after dark, but was likely ignored ; edifices were mostly made of wood and thatch ; and no organized fire brigade existed.† ( The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212, n.d. ) . It took good over 70 old ages and another immense fire, on 12th July 1212. This fire and figure of 3000 deceases, still appears in the Guinness Book of Records, even though possibly overdone. Those fires caused people to see about edifice regulations. In consequence ‘legislations’ every bit good as methods to stay them were introduced. Crude and really first signifier of fire protection was something every bit simple as censoring thatched roofs in full London. By its first city manager Henry Fitzailwin. He besides signed a papers stating: â€Å"Complaints about edifice nuisances could be brought by one neighbor against another. The city manager and aldermen settled such instances in a tribunal called the Assize of Nuisance† . Opinions were advised by appointed Masons and carpenters. ( History of Building Regulations in the British Isles, 2014 ) Other British metropoliss started follow London’s lead. The existent turning point in constructing history was fire of 1666. [ R2 ] F anger known as the Great Fire of London started in the bakeshop on Pudding Lane and really shortly started distributing west making beyond Roman metropolis walls. On 4th September wind way changed, it headed and about reached the Tower of London. During the firefighting procedure â€Å"King Charles II personally helped contend the fire. He lifted pails of H2O and threw money to honor people who stayed to contend the flames.† ( Museum of London – Frequently asked inquiries, n.d. ) Quenching the fire is considered to hold been successful due two factors: the strong east air currents died down, and the Tower of London fort used gunpowder to make fireguards, and halt further spread eastward. ( Great Fire of London – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, n.d. ) . It’s believed that as a effect of this fire 80 % of capital was burned to the land. Inevitably catastrophe of this graduated table couldn’t go on once more. Therefore London Rebuilding Act of 1667 was introduced. [ R3 ] This papers created foundations of city/master planning every bit good as some other countries of modern edifice ordinances. Was the really first to stipulate how metropolis planning was to be regulated ( i.e. Certain streets need to be broad depending on strength and intent of usage ) . It was depicting what affairs and how they should be resolved by Judgess. Besides stipulating thickness and location of walls, including party walls. It introduced the thought of the committee planing cityscape every bit good as committee to O.K. location and form, every bit good as stuffs used in new edifices. All edifices from that point onwards were to be built of brick or rock. It besides regulated minor issues like precipitation direction, maximal overhangs, which antecedently were doing already narrow streets even narrower and tighter. That was debut to the thought of more pleasant metropoliss, even though done for practical grounds. Some more wellness and safety regulations were issued. [ R4 ] Even though this jurisprudence was highly precise for that clip. It was written by local authorities of London and was to be obeyed merely during reconstructing of the metropolis. As consequence of that British Isles were left without public jurisprudence. In 1898 Ebenezer Howard initiated â€Å"The Garden City Movement† . Garden metropoliss were designed and intended to be self-contained, self-sufficing communities. Separated and surrounded by paths of unfastened, green countries. Taking inspiration and seeking to do a Utopian dream of Sir Thomas More come truth. Howard’s idealise garden metropolis was utilizing clear districting system. Keeping residential and industrial development countries separate, allowed â€Å"smokeless† thought of the metropolis to develop. They would be populated by 32000 people on around 6000 estates ( 2400 hour angle ) . Planned in concentric circles, when to the full populated another garden metropolis would develop nearby. Several o f these would be clustered ‘orbiting’ around the cardinal metropolis ( populated by 50000 people ) . [ R5 ] â€Å"The Garden City Association set itself the ambitious undertaking of developing a first garden metropolis. Work on the chosen site at Letchworth began in 1903 and by 1914 it housed 9,000 inhabitants.† ( The birth of town be aftering – UK Parliament, n.d. ) Letchworth was really advanced and successful, it populated 33500 people. It was perchance impractical to utilize homocentric program, although rules were kept. Letchworth introduced traffic circle ( 1909 ) and was really first illustration of ‘green belt’ . This undertaking didn’t require empowering statute laws, although it was inspirational to â€Å"garden suburbs† . These were foremost introduced in Hampstead. Endorsed by Parliament in 1906, in what has been called â€Å" Hampstead Garden Suburb Act [ R6 ] † . This papers legislated that distance between the two houses on opposite sides of the route, were to be non less than 50 pess ( 15.24m ) apart. And that there sho uld be no more than 8 houses per acre ( 4046.9m2) . [ R7 ] ‘Back-to-back’ houses, so popular in industrial Victorian developments. During the industrial revolution â€Å"great inflow of workers and their households into the quickly industrialized towns during the 1800 ‘s, this figure increased massively and the jobs of over-population became disastrous† ( Public Health – History of medical specialty, n.d. ) . This was revealed by the study of Liverpool ‘s first medical officer of wellness ( Dr Duncan ) . It stated that – tierce of the metropolis ‘s population lived on Earth floored basements of dorsum to endorse houses. ( The birth of town be aftering – UK Parliament, n.d. ) Without any airing and sanitation with every bit many as 16 people populating in one room, these were certainly non what those basements were designed for and what they could defy. They were made illegal in 1909 due to Housing and Town Planning Act, as there was concern that it could be the starting motor of the new concatenation reaction consequence of pestilence for illustration similar in consequence to London’s Great Fire. [ R8 ] Letchworth and Hampstead was the chief inspiration for that 1909 Act. It besides took inspiration of garden metropolis motion rules. Not a surprise that the Garden City Association actively lobbied for it. This besides encouraged to utilize ‘Garden City’ rules. Leading the manner to the more gratifying urban environment and more flexibleness in footings of design. This act obligated local governments to utilize town planning, and control edifice criterions. Specified the occupation of local authoritiess on what they can and can’t do. The new jurisprudence formed the usher on how to be after metropoliss and how to construct safely. It besides specified land jurisprudence, how and where working category lodging should be built. Besides, sing wellness and safety of citizens and future occupants, which could be named as a signifier of sustainable design. [ R9 ] As before mentioned planning jurisprudence has been altering and accommodating for past old ages. Even though fire ordinances in the UK are perchance one of the strictest in Europe. As statistics show there is a batch of betterment to be made. World of be aftering needs people like Ebenezer Howard, dreamer and dreamers that design, program and better urban and universe environment – in consequence devising universe more gratifying. In modern metropoliss chief perplexity are sustainability and public wellness. It’s non easy to diminish fleshiness and other so called civilisation diseases. The rate of these could be lowered by extinguishing factors that do or may do it. The chief 1s being: deficiency of physical activity, unnatural/unhealthy diet, polluted air and some more (Diseases of modern civilization — Frank Fenner Foundation, n.d. ) . These may and should be considered at design phase. To better physical activity. It’s necessary to increase the sum of public conveyance used, every bit good as addition sum of resort areas. Enhancing physical activity from early old ages, followed by pathwaies, Parkss or other green countries. Obviously there is really small interior decorator or designer can make about human diet. However, what could be done is to plan green markets into town flower stalk. These would do fresh, of course grown, healthy fruits/vegetables effortlessly accessible. Another in theory unaccessible country for urban contrivers is air pollution, as we can’t actively decrease pollution. Already Ebenezer Howard has suggested to utilize town districting to travel industrial enlargement out on the fringes of towns. In the long term this would diminish the sum of contaminated air in towns, by administering it more equally across unfastened countries, and most likely lower the urban island consequence. All of those illustrations show how past events were set uping town planning. It proves that there is a set of ingredients and stimulations. They all consequence be aftering jurisprudence and planning methods. Urban environment is ever altering and it is difficult to plan it good. This is why there are groups of urban contrivers, designers, interior decorators and others working to better the design of towns. This has been altering for 100s, or even 1000s of old ages, and they would be. Changes are inevitable, what is now countryside in 10 old ages, or even less could be new suburbs. This should excite interior decorators and visionaries to better interior urban flower stalk, decide current and anticipate hereafter issues and turn to them today. BBC – History – British History in deepness: London After the Great Fire( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_01.shtml. ‘Building Regulations – David Watkins.pdf’ ( n.d. ) . Diseases of modern civilization — Frank Fenner Foundation( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 1st January 2015 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.natsoc.org.au/our-projects/biosensitivefutures/part-4-facts-and-principles/human-health-issues/diseases-of-modern-civilisation. English Historical Fiction Writers: Changing the Face of London – the Great Fire of 1666( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/changing-face-of-london-great-fire-of.html. Great Fire of London – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London. Handbook to the Housing and Town Planning Act, †¦( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.org/stream/handbooktohousin00thom # page/n1/mode/2up. History of Building Regulations in the British Isles( 2014 ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 14th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml. History of Building Regulations in the British Isles( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml. Housing, town planning, etc. , act, 1909 ; a prac†¦( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.org/stream/housingtownplann00bent # page/n5/mode/2up. London Fire Brigade – The Great Fire of London( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.london-fire.gov.uk/great-fire-of-london.asp. Museum of London – Frequently asked inquiries( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/FAQ/ . Museum of London – The 1667 Rebuilding Act( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/Themes/1405/1408/Page1.htm. Public Health – History of medical specialty( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 29th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.priory.com/history_of_medicine/public_health.htm. Samuel Pepys Diary 1666 – Fire of London( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pepys.info/fire.html. The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php? id=1019. The birth of town be aftering – United kingdom Parliament( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 28th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/townplanning/ . The Geneva Association ( 2014 ) ‘World Fire Statistics.’ The Hampstead Garden Suburb Act 1906( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 28th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hgs.org.uk/history/h00012000.html.

What To Do When Content Marketing Isn’t Working With Jon Henshaw

What To Do When Content Marketing Isn’t Working With Jon Henshaw You know that content marketing has the potential to grow your company. What if you’re not getting results, though? If you don’t have something unique to say or value to offer, it’s tough to get traction in a competitive environment. How can you create unique ideas and overcome mediocre results? Today we’re going to be talking to Jon Henshaw, an accomplished product builder and content marketer. Jon co-founded Raven Tools and is now with CBS Interactive. We’re going to talk about how to fix broken content marketing. You won’t want to miss today’s show! Powered by PodcastMotor Actionable Content Marketing powered by By AMP070: What To Do When Your Content Marketing Isn't Working With Jon Henshaw 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download file Subscribe on iTunes Leave Review Share Some of the highlights of this episode include: What Jon’s been up to over the past decade, from building up Raven Tools from nothing to entering the world of content marketing. Some of the â€Å"wins† that Jon has experienced over the years, as well as a â€Å"loss.† Jon’s process for staying ahead of the curve when it comes to content marketing. Tips on tackling the types of big, unique projects that will pan out, as well as Jon’s thoughts on the risks involved. How Jon promotes his biggest projects for maximum benefit. Where SEO fits into the promotion strategy. Jon’s favorite part of content marketing. Links: Jon on LinkedIn Raven Tools CBS Interactive GA Config Email a screenshot of your iTunes review to podcast@.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud,  Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Jon: â€Å"One of the great things about content marketing is that it kind of levels the playing field among other companies. You don’t have to have the tens of thousands of dollars or more in paid advertising budget. You just have to have good ideas.† â€Å"The internet is a big place and yes, most things have already been done You have to be even more creative.† â€Å"The part that I geek out the most on is actually putting that content together and writing the code behind that content so that it can perform really well.†

Introduction to French Translation and Interpretation

Introduction to French Translation and Interpretation Translation and interpretation are the ultimate jobs for people who love language. However, there are a lot of misunderstandings about these two fields, including the difference between them and what kind of skills and education they require. This article is an introduction to the fields of translation and interpretation. Both translation and interpretation (sometimes abbreviated as T I) require superior language ability in at least two languages. That may seem like a given, but in fact, there are many working translators whose language skills are not up to the task. You can usually recognize these unqualified translators by extremely low rates, and also by wild claims about being able to translate any language and subject. Translation and interpretation also require the ability to accurately express information in the target language. Word for word translation is neither accurate nor desirable, and a good translator/interpreter knows how to express the source text or speech so that it sounds natural in the target language. The best translation is one that you dont realize is a translation because it sounds just like it would if it had been written in that language to begin with. Translators and interpreters nearly always work into their native language, because its too easy for a non-native speaker to write or speak in a way that just doesnt sound quite right to native speakers. Using unqualified translators will leave you with poor-quality translations with mistakes ranging from poor grammar and awkward phrasing to nonsensical or inaccurate information. And finally, translators and interpreters need to understand the cultures of both the source and target languages, in order to be able to adapt the language to the appropriate culture. In short, the simple fact of speaking two or more languages does not necessarily make a good translator or interpreter - theres a lot more to it. It is in your best interest to find someone who is qualified and certified. A certified translator or interpreter will cost more, but if your business needs a good product, it is well worth the expense. Contact a translation/interpretation organization for a list of potential candidates. Translation vs. Interpretation For some reason, most laypeople refer to both translation and interpretation as translation. Although translation and interpretation share the common goal of taking information that is available in one language and converting it to another, they are in fact two separate processes. So what is the difference between translation and interpretation? Its very simple. Translation is written - it involves taking a written text (such as a book or an article) and translating it in writing into the target language. Interpretation is oral - it refers to listening to something spoken (a speech or phone conversation) and interpreting it orally into the target language. (Incidentally, those who facilitate communication between hearing persons and deaf/hard-of-hearing persons are also known as interpreters. So you can see that the main difference is in how the information is presented - orally in interpretation and written in translation. This might seem like a subtle distinction, but if you consider your own language skills, the odds are that your ability to read/write and listen/speak are not identical - you are probably more skilled at one pair or the other. So translators are excellent writers, while interpreters have superior oral communication skills. In addition, spoken language is quite different from writing, which adds a further dimension to the distinction. Then theres the fact that translators work alone to produce a translation, while interpreters work with two or more people/groups to provide an interpretation on the spot during negotiations, seminars, phone conversations, etc. Translation and Interpretation Terms Source languageThe language of the original message. Target languageThe language of the resulting translation or interpretation. A language  - Native languageMost people have one A language, although someone who was raised bilingual may have two A languages or an A and a B, depending on whether they are truly bilingual or just very fluent in the second language. B language  - Fluent languageFluent here means near-native ability - understanding virtually all vocabulary, structure, dialects, cultural influence, etc. A certified translator or interpreter has at least one B language unless he or she is bilingual with two A languages. C language  - Working languageTranslators and interpreters may have one or more C languages - those which they understand well enough to translate or interpret from but not to. For example, here are my language skills: A - EnglishB - FrenchC - Spanish So in theory, you can translate French to English, English to French, and Spanish to English, but not English to Spanish. In reality, you only work from French and Spanish to English. You wouldnt work into French, because you recognize that my translations into French leave something to be desired. Translators and interpreters should only work into the languages that they write/speak like a native or very close to it. Incidentally, another thing to watch out for is a translator who claims to have several target languages (in other words, to be able to work in both directions between, say, English, Japanese, and Russian). It is very rare for anyone to have more than two target languages, although having several source languages is fairly common. Types of Translation and Interpretation General translation/interpretation is just what you think - the translation or interpretation of non-specific language that does not require any specialized vocabulary or knowledge. However, the best translators and interpreters read extensively in order to be up-to-date with current events and trends so that they are able to do their work to the best of their ability, having knowledge of what they might be asked to convert. In addition, good translators and interpreters make an effort to read about whatever topic they are currently working on. If a translator is asked to translate an article on organic farming, for example, he or she would be well served to read about organic farming in both languages in order to understand the topic and the accepted terms used in each language. Specialized translation or interpretation refers to domains which require at the very least that the person be extremely well-read in the domain. Even better is training in the field (such as a college degree in the subject, or a specialized course in that type of translation or interpretation). Some common types of specialized translation and interpretation are financial translation and interpretationlegal translation and interpretationliterary translationmedical translation and interpretationscientific translation and interpretationtechnical translation and interpretation Types of Translation Machine translationAlso known as automatic translation, this is any translation that is done without human intervention, using software, hand-held translators, online translators such as Babelfish, etc. Machine translation is extremely limited in quality and usefulness. Machine-assisted translationTranslation that is done with a machine translator and a human working together. For example, to translate honey, the machine translator might give the options  le miel  and  chà ©ri  so that the person could decide which one makes sense in the context. This is considerably better than machine translation, and some argue that it is more effective than human-only translation. Screen translationTranslation of movies and television programs, including subtitling (where the translation is typed along the bottom of the screen) and dubbing (where the voices of native speakers of the target language are heard in place of the original actors). Sight translationDocument in the source language is explained orally in the target language. This task is performed by interpreters when an article in the source language is not provided with a translation (such as a memo handed out at a meeting). LocalizationAdaptation of software or other products to a different culture. Localization includes translation of documents, dialog boxes, etc., as well as linguistic and cultural changes to make the product appropriate to the target country. Types of Interpretation Consecutive interpretation  (consec)The interpreter takes notes while listening to a speech, then does his or her interpretation during pauses. This is commonly used when there are just two languages at work; for example if the American and French presidents were having a discussion. The consecutive interpreter would interpret in both directions, French to English and English to French. Unlike translation and simultaneous interpretation, consecutive interpretation is commonly done into the interpreters A and B languages. Simultaneous interpretation  (simul)The interpreter listens to a speech and simultaneously interprets it, using headphones and a microphone. This is commonly used when there are numerous languages needed, such as in the United Nations. Each target language has an assigned channel, so Spanish speakers might turn to channel one for the Spanish interpretation, French speakers to channel two, etc. Simultaneous interpretation should only be done into ones A language.